The US Energy Information Administration or EIA has stated that Crude oil prices were relatively stable in the third quarter of 2025 (3Q25), ending the quarter just 9 cents per barrel (b) less than they started, while refinery margins increased to their highest levels so far this year. In this quarterly update, we review petroleum markets price developments in 3Q25, covering crude oil prices and refinery margins. The Brent crude oil price traded in a narrow range in 3Q25 as expected increased production from OPEC countries offset geopolitical tensions. The Brent price began the quarter averaging $70/b in July, following the Israel-Iran 12-day war at the end of 2Q25, before declining to an average of $67/b in August and $68/b in September.

OPEC+ announcements in July, August, and September to increase production put downward pressure on crude oil prices. Uncertainty related to global trade flows and potential macroeconomic impacts on petroleum consumption have also increased concerns of an oversupplied market. However, so far in 3Q25, increases to global crude oil supplies have not contributed to widespread increases in observable inventories. According to EIA Weekly Petroleum Status Report, US crude oil inventories have remained closer to the five-year (2020–24) low than the five-year average. Increased geopolitical risk offset downward price pressure from increased supply. In 3Q25, Russia increased attacks on Ukraine, and Ukraine successfully targeted Russia’s energy infrastructure. In August, the United States levied a 25% punitive tariff on India for purchasing Russia’s crude oil, raising total U.S. tariffs on the country to 50%.

The European Union is planning additional punitive measures against processors of Russia’s crude oil following Russia’s military flights over Estonia, Poland, and Romania. In the Middle East, drone attacks by unknown saboteurs on oil fields in Iraq have contributed to rising regional risks as well. This tension comes alongside ongoing risks associated with continued military strikes between Israel and Hamas. EIA further noted that Diesel crack spreads—a measure of the refinery margins for diesel—at New York Harbor reached a high of 85 cents per gallon (gal) in July, its highest level since February 2024 and almost double the crack spread from the same time last year.

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